Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is characterized by which features?

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is characterized by which features?

• A. Autonomic dysfunction, hyperthermia, altered consciousness, and muscle rigidity
• B. Sedation, weight gain, tremor, and dry mouth
• C. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation
• D. Anxiety, insomnia, irritability

Answer: (A)

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome shows a distinctive, life-threatening pattern from antipsychotic use. The key features are autonomic dysfunction (e.g., unstable blood pressure, tachycardia, sweating), hyperthermia, altered mental status, and severe muscle rigidity. This combination reflects dramatic central dopamine blockade with accompanying muscle overactivity and heat production, setting NMS apart from other drug effects. The other options describe milder or different side effects—sedation, weight gain, tremor, dry mouth; GI upset; or anxiety and sleep issues—that do not capture the severe rigidity with high fever and autonomic instability that define NMS. Management is urgent and includes stopping the offending medication, rapid cooling, hydration, and supportive care, with additional medications such as dantrolene or bromocriptine as appropriate.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome shows a distinctive, life-threatening pattern from antipsychotic use. The key features are autonomic dysfunction (e.g., unstable blood pressure, tachycardia, sweating), hyperthermia, altered mental status, and severe muscle rigidity. This combination reflects dramatic central dopamine blockade with accompanying muscle overactivity and heat production, setting NMS apart from other drug effects. The other options describe milder or different side effects—sedation, weight gain, tremor, dry mouth; GI upset; or anxiety and sleep issues—that do not capture the severe rigidity with high fever and autonomic instability that define NMS. Management is urgent and includes stopping the offending medication, rapid cooling, hydration, and supportive care, with additional medications such as dantrolene or bromocriptine as appropriate.